How to choose the best feed line chokes,
Download a copy of this article in PDF : Choosing a Feedline Choke – RFI Tip Sheet RC-1 by AK6R
| Radio Communication Choosing a Coax Feed Line Choke By Bob Brehm, AK6R RFI Tip Sheet #RC-1 |
How to choose feed line chokes, line isolators, baluns, or ununs for coax fed dipoles, verticals, hex beams, slopers, loops, windom, OCF, G5RV, ladder line, and yagi antennas
Overall Objective: Minimize common mode current (Radio Frequency Interference or RFI) causing feed line radiation on transmission, and rfi generated broadband “noise” on reception.
This objective can be met when:
EVERY coax fed antenna has a common mode choke at the antenna feed point!
EVERY rotor control, remote antenna selector also has a common mode choke at each end of the cable!
EVERY coax fed antenna has a high impedance common mode choke (a.k.a. Common Mode Noise Filter) at the receiver end of the coax.
Antenna Feed Line Choke Definitions
Feed line choke: 1:1 (50Ω to 50Ω) have the same input and output impedance.
Impedance transformer: <1:1 or > 1:1 have different input and output impedances.
This document is concerned only with feed line chokes and their effective use to meet the objective. A separate document is available discussing impedance transformers and their use for specific antenna types. Some antenna systems will need both a feed line choke and an impedance transformer.
Coax feedline chokes (and impedance transformers) all have an unbalanced input and are made with several output options dependent on whether the output is balanced or unbalanced. The output option determines whether it is an UNUN or BALUN. There are multiples types of ununs and baluns. Here are a few examples applicable for feed line chokes (1:1) and impedance transformers (<1:1, >1:1):
Unun Type 1 (+/- output, coax input) – for unbalanced output like end fed, verticals, etc.
Unun Type 2 (coax out, coax in) – for unbalanced coax to unbalanced coax
BALUN (balanced output, coax in) used in dipoles, beam, loop, symmetrical antennas
Technical Recap: Coax feed line chokes all have unbalanced input and either balanced (BALUN) or unbalanced (UNUN) output. It is the output connection that determines whether a choke is a balun or unun. Feed line chokes are a special case of impedance transformer with an input/output impedance ratio of 1:1. All coax impedance transformers can be configured as a balun or unun.
Current verses Voltage baluns/ununs
All Palomar Engineers feed line chokes utilize current matching technology (rather than voltage matching) due to its superior broadband performance and higher choking resistance for a specified topology shape. Each transformer utilizes 50 ohm transmission lines for superior energy transport from input to output.
Don’t be confused!
Many companies often call the same item different names to confuse you or make it difficult to compare the same item between companies. So let’s set the record straight and avoid the confusion with product names. A feed line choke is also called a common mode choke, a 1:1 balun, a 1:1 unun, a current balun/unun, a line isolator, a feed line current choke, and a 1:1 Guanilla balun/unun/choke. All these names are for the same item: a common mode current suppression device that works to suppress common mode current on the outside braid of your coax cable feed line. Remember a balun has balanced output and an unun has unbalanced output.
Tech Note: There are also common mode current chokes (a.k.a noise filters) for other types of cables including AC/DC cables, and device interconnect wires or cables (for example). Your radio station may require these additional chokes to reduce interference issues like the following:
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AC Power Filter | Wall Wart Filters | Large Plug AC Filter | DC Power Filter |
For additional click on power line and interconnect cable RFI filters click: INFO HERE.
Common Mode Current Suppression
The purpose of the common mode choke is to suppress or reduce the common mode current shared by all the wires in a cable of one or more wires. In the case of coax feed line, the center wire and inside of the coaxial braid(I1 and I2 in the picture below) carry the RF signal current and the outside of the braid can carry common mode current(I3 in picture below) if it is not choked at the antenna feed point. In a sense, your dipole becomes a tripole because the outside coax braid becomes part of the antenna fed by the coax braid.
In general, a high choking impedance at the antenna feed point will suppress the common mode current more than a lower choking impedance. (Remember Ohm’s law? For a fixed driving voltage E, a higher resistive impedance (R + J) will give a lower I3, or common mode current.
As you increase E (higher power into the coax), you will need to increase the choking impedance to reduce the common mode current to the same value present with the lower power. That is the reason that you may have un-noticed RFI(common mode current on the coax braid) with a 100 watt output transmitter, but add a linear amplifier at 1000-1500 watts output without a feed line choke and the coax feed line common mode current (acting as an antenna via the coax braid) may couple a very noticed RFI current into adjacent “antennas” such as the AC line, phone line or cable TV/computer DSL lines that you hear or see on the devices attached to these lines. If you add an amplifier, you may need a feed line choke with high choking impedance.
A simple cure for transmitter RFI at all power levels is to add a common mode choke, with sufficient choking impedance, at the antenna feed point to keep the RF signal on the antenna and off the feed line. The typical “rule of thumb” is to have a choking impedance at least 10 times the line impedance (>500 ohms for 50 ohm coax), and 10 times or more is preferred to further reduce the common mode current. When you buy a feed line choke, you must know the choking impedance value and the frequency range of these values to meet the 10 times requirement. It does no good to have to have a choke with 3000 ohms of choking at 7 MHz when you are using it at 14 MHz where the choking impedance is only 200 ohms. Before you buy, make sure you know the frequency range of the choke and the choking impedances at the frequencies you use. Different choke have different ranges and impedances. In general, choose the choke that physically fits the installation with the highest choking at your frequencies of interest.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOKING IMPEDANCE AND ATTENUATION
Palomar Engineers specify RFI/EMI chokes in terms of impedance (in/out), but often the customer needs to know the attenuation to choose which product best suits the application.
The relationship that exists between these two parameters is:
Attenuation =20 log10 ((Zs + ZL)/(Zs +Zsc + ZL))dB
where
Zs = Source impedance
Zsc = Suppressor core impedance
ZL = Load impedance
The figure above is the equivalent circuit of an interference source with an internal impedance of Zs, generating an interference signal through the series impedance of the suppressor core Zsc and the load impedance ZL.
For most Palomar Engineers feed line chokes the source(Zs) and load (ZL) impedance are 50 ohms so the equation is simplified to:
Attenuation =20 log10 ((100)/(Zsc + 100))dB
Some typical feed line choke impedances and attenuation characteristics are shown in the table:
Choke Impedance (Zsc) | Attenuation (dB) |
500 | -15.6 |
1500 | -24.0 |
3000 | -29.8 |
5000 | -34.2 |
10000 | -40.0 |
For a typical Palomar Engineers TUBE™ choke/line isolator, the choke impedance is 3,000 ohms which yields a common mode current attenuation of -29.8 dB across a 7-61 MHz range.
TECH TIP: Select a feed line choke that physically fits the installation and has the greatest choking impedance for maximum suppression of common mode current.
1% common mode braid current = 2.75 watt radiation at 1500 watts input, or 1.6 watts at 500 watts input or .7 watts at 100 watts input
Palomar Engineers feed line chokes always specify the choking values and the frequency ranges often shown in a graphical representation like the one below where choking resistance is > 3000 ohms from 7-61 MHz and 1800 ohms at 3.5 MHz (values which provide excellent common mode suppression of -25.6 to -29.8 dB):
In addition to the antenna feed point choke, it is prudent to add another choke at the radio station end to choke off the common mode noise current picked up by the outside braid of the coax between the feed point and the station receiver. This common mode noise current gets on the coax braid from neighborhood noise sources including plasma TVs, computers, routers, etc. You “see/hear” the common mode noise as a high noise level on your receiver. Using high choking impedance chokes (we call them coax noise filters) at the receiver, it is possible to significantly reduce the receiver common mode noise levels. Unfortunately common mode noise usually takes multiple paths, but choking the feed line is usually a good first step to reduce neighborhood noise. To further reduce the noise to an acceptable level, you may also have to add common mode chokes to all wires/cables entering the radio station including computer interconnects between the receiver and the computer (includes internet connections too).
Typical Choke Placement
Antenna Feed Point - place at the feed point or directly below any impedance transformers (2:1, 4:1, 9:1, etc that connect to the antenna feed point. Use as short a connection as possible since any length of coax between the feed point or transformer can act as a small antenna causing potential RFI problems.
Station Receiver – place a feed line choke (a.k.a. coax noise filter) between the receiver or transceiver and the amplifier or antenna tuner in a low impedance line. DO NOT put the feed line choke at the high impedance point of the antenna tuner (antenna tuner output).
Along Feed Line – for instances of persistent RFI, put an inline feed line choke (a.k.a line isolator)every 1/4 electrical wavelength (physical wavelength x velocity factor of the coax feed line). In extreme cases you may also have to ground the outside braid along the feed line at the 1/4 wavelength points also. The Palomar Engineers TU-1-1500G has a convenient ground point for ground post connection.
Here are some typical diagrams of choke placement for various antenna types:
Dipoles, beams, and coax fed balanced antennas.
Verticals and unbalanced antennas
Specifications
Bandwidth Frequency Range – For single band antennas, a simple air wound coax choke may be sufficient if it has enough choking impedance at the frequency of operation. Most air wound coax chokes are only useful over narrow frequency ranges and generally have less choking impedance than ferrite based feed line chokes. For multi-band antennas, the most useful chokes are ferrite based because they are broadband with sufficient choking over a large frequency range or have very high choking over a narrow range (160-80-40 meter antennas for example). Whichever choke you choose investigate the frequency range and choking impedance at the frequencies you plan to operate. By the way, iron powder based chokes usually DO NOT have sufficient choking at any frequency due to their low permeability requiring long transmission lines on the toroids drastically affecting high frequency response).
Power Requirements – A feed line choke passes the RF transmit/receive current through the coax and only has to choke the much lower common mode current that is present on the outside of the coax braid. (Typically < 5% of the RF current depending on the choking impedance). If a feed line choke with a integrated coax cable is chosen, the power requirements are solely dependent on the coax size (will it handle the RF current/voltage). The coax size is chosen to handle the RF current/voltage and the ferrite sleeve choke is chosen to physically fit the coax snugly or with appropriate shims. For toroid based chokes using parallel windings (not coax), you must choose a wire conductor size that will handle the RF current/voltage breakdown and provide sufficient choking at your frequency of interest.
Choking Impedance (Z) – Common mode chokes have a choking impedance which varies with frequency. The general rule of thumb is to have a choking impedance of a minimum of 10 times the coax line impedance. For 50 ohm coax, that would mean a minimum of 500 ohms of choking. The manufacturer should label the choking impedance on the choke at various frequencies or at least have a table of choking values verses frequency so you can check the effectiveness at your frequency. Make sure you have enough choking at the frequency you are using. If the choke you are purchasing does not have a choking impedance specified at the frequency you intend to operate, avoid the choke as it may be useless at your frequency. (e.g. 28 MHz radio operators will get little use out of chokes designed or optimized for 1.8-10 MHz). All broadband ferrite based chokes usually have a min/max frequency range where the choking impedance is greater than 10 x the line impedance. The Palomar Engineers feed line chokes have a choking impedance chart for reference to check your frequency and the expected choking impedance.
Sizes, Shapes and Power Ratings for all applications
Feed line chokes are manufactured in a variety of sizes and shapes to make them physically compatible and conveniently installed for various applications. Palomar Engineers offers many different shapes, sizes and frequency ranges and power ratings for just about any application from 200 KHz to 1 GHz.
Sleeve Chokes (ferrite slip-on or snap-on around coax)
For simple (< 2000 ohm) choking requirements, the coax sleeve chokes (either Slip On if the coax connector is NOT on the cable) or Snap On (connector already on cable) are used on coax feed lines. Chokes are simple to install and if additional choking is required after initial installation, another choke can simply be added in series with the first to increase the choking. Sleeve chokes are available with inside hole diameters from 1/4″ up to 1.5″ suitable for a variety of cable sizes. For customers with power requirements which can be served with 1/2″ cable size, the sleeve chokes are available with PL-259 male connectors and either 5, 10 or 15 bead versions for additional choking at lower frequencies. Sleeve chokes can be used on all antenna types.
Tuned Coaxial Chokes – (a.k.a. “Badger Balun”, Air-Core Balun)
Available in 3-15 MHz bandwidths (dependent on frequency) in the 3-160 MHz frequency range MHz at power levels dependent on coax cable size. Picture: Ugly Unun (incorrectly called balun) centered at 12 MHz, 16 turns, 4.5” diameter, 20 feet of coax, Z = 1-3 KΩ – ONLY effective (>500 Ω choking impedance) from 7-21 MHz since it acts as a high “Q” tuned choke using L and C of coax. This feed line choke is economical for small bandwidth antennas and each choke is tuned to the middle of the chosen frequency range bandwidth for optimum choking effectiveness. Available in balun or unun output configurations and various power ratings depending on coax cable size.
Super Chokers™ (Multi-Mix Coaxial Ferrite Enhanced)